Paper

A 400 × 400 3.24 μm 117 dB Dynamic Range 3-layer Stacked Digital Pixel Sensor with Triple Quantization and Fixed Pattern Noise Correction

2025 Jun

Authors Kwuang-Han Chang, Tsung-Hsun Tsai, Yi-Hsuan Lin, Sheng-Yeh Lai, Hao-Ming Hsu, Hirofumi Abe, Kazuya Mori, Hideyuki Fukuhara, Chih-Hao Lin, Toshiyuki Isozaki, Wei-Chen Li, Wei-Fan Chou, Chien-Chun Lee, Wen-Han Tseng, Wun-Young Leo, Masayuki Uno, Rimon Ikeno, Masato Nagamatsu, Guang Yang, Shou-Gwo Wuu, Andrew Berkovich, Raffaele Capoccia, Song Chen, Zhao Wang, Chiao Liu, and Lyle Bainbridge

Int. Image Sensor Workshop (IISW)

This paper presents a 400 × 400 digital pixel sensor (DPS) with the smallest 3.24 µm pixel size is developed in a 45nm/40nm/40nm three-layer stacked process. The sensor achieves a single-exposure 117 dB dynamic range (DR) incorporated with the overlapped triple quantization (3Q) and fixed pattern noise correction (FPN-C) while the noise floor of 4.4 e-rms and a dark FPN of 2.4 e-rms. This work consumes 3.06 mW at 30 fps with a FoM of 0.0049 e-rms × pJ and the die size of 2.47 × 1.85 mm2. This work is developed for high DR (HDR), low power consumption, and small form fact to meet the growing demands of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) devices.